Faces of different socio-cultural identities impact emotional meaning learning for L2 words
Clement, F., Bernard, S., Grandjean, D. & Sander, D. Emotional expression and vocabulary learning in adults and children. Cogn. Emot. 27, 539–548 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ekman, P. Facial expressions of emotion: new findings, new questions. Psychol. Sci. 3, 34–38 (1992).
Google Scholar
Ekman, P. Facial expression and emotion. Am. Psychol. 48, 384–392 (1993).
Google Scholar
Brigham, J. C., Bennett, L. B., Meissner, C. A. & Mitchell, T. L. The influence of race on eyewitness memory. Handb. Eyewitness Psychol. Vol. II Mem. People 2, 257–281 (2007).
Yan, X., Andrews, T. J., Jenkins, R. & Young, A. W. Cross-cultural differences and similarities underlying other-race effects for facial identity and expression. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 69, 1247–1254 (2016).
Google Scholar
Darwin, C. The Expression of the Emotions in man and Animals (John Murray, 1872).
Russell, J. A., Bachorowski, J. A. & Fernández-Dols, J. M. Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54, 329–349 (2003).
Google Scholar
Denham, S. A. Emotional Development in Young Children (Guilford Press, 1998).
Izard, C. E. The Face of Emotion (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971).
Markham, R. & Adams, K. The effect of type of task on children’s identification of facial expressions. J. Nonverbal Behav. 16, 21–39 (1992).
Google Scholar
Vicari, S., Reilly, J. S., Pasqualetti, P., Vizzotto, A. & Caltagirone, C. Recognition of facial expressions of emotions in school-age children: the intersection of perceptual and semantic categories. Acta Paediatr. 89, 836–845 (2000).
Google Scholar
Bullock, M. & Russell, J. A. Preschool children’s interpretation of facial expressions of emotion. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 7, 193–214 (1984).
Google Scholar
Kissler, J., Herbert, C., Winkler, I. & Junghofer, M. Emotion and attention in visual word processing-An ERP study. Biol. Psychol. 80, 75–83 (2009).
Google Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M., Brauer, M., Robin, L. & Innes-Ker, Å. H. Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82, 419–433 (2002).
Padmala, S., Bauer, A. & Pessoa, L. Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control. Front. Psychol. 2, 192 (2011).
Google Scholar
Baggott, S., Palermo, R. & Fox, A. M. Processing emotional category congruency between emotional facial expressions and emotional words. Cogn. Emot. 25, 369–379 (2011).
Google Scholar
Beall, P. M. & Herbert, A. M. The face wins: stronger automatic processing of affect in facial expressions than words in a modified Stroop task. Cogn. Emot. 22, 1613–1642 (2008).
Google Scholar
Kar, B. R., Srinivasan, N., Nehabala, Y. & Nigam, R. Proactive and reactive control depends on emotional valence: a Stroop study with emotional expressions and words. Cogn. Emot. 32, 325–340 (2018).
Google Scholar
Stenberg, G., Wiking, S. & Dahl, M. Judging words at face value: interference in a word processing task reveals automatic processing of affective facial expressions. Cogn. Emot. 12, 755–782 (1998).
Google Scholar
Hernández-Gutiérrez, D. et al. Does dynamic information about the speaker’s face contribute to semantic speech processing? ERP evidence. Cortex 104, 12–25 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hernández-Gutiérrez, D. et al. Situating language in a minimal social context: how seeing a picture of the speaker’s face affects language comprehension. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 16, 502–511 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hernández-Gutiérrez, D. et al. How the speaker’s emotional facial expressions may affect language comprehension. Lang. Cogn. Neurosci. (2022).
Google Scholar
Gu, B., Liu, B., Wang, H., Beltrán, D. & De Vega, M. Learning new words’ emotional meanings in the contexts of faces and sentences. Psicologica 42, 52–84 (2021).
Google Scholar
Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B. & Gendron, M. Context in emotion perception. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 20, 286–290 (2011).
Google Scholar
Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M. & Pollak, S. D. Emotional expressions reconsidered: challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements. Psychol. Sci. Public. Interes. 20, 1–68 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yan, X., Andrews, T. J. & Young, A. W. Cultural similarities and differences in perceiving and recognizing facial expressions of basic emotions. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 42, 423–440 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hugenberg, K. Social categorization and the perception of facial affect: target race moderates the response latency advantage for happy faces. Emotion 5, 267–276 (2005).
Google Scholar
Woumans, E. et al. Can faces prime a language? Psychol. Sci. 26, 1343–1352 (2015).
Google Scholar
Liu, C., Timmer, K., Jiao, L., Yuan, Y. & Wang, R. The influence of contextual faces on bilingual language control. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 72, 2313–2327 (2019).
Google Scholar
Li, Y., Yang, J., Suzanne Scherf, K. & Li, P. Two faces, two languages: an fMRI study of bilingual picture naming. Brain Lang. 127, 452–462 (2013).
Google Scholar
Van Oers, B., Wardekker, W., Elbers, E. & Van der Veer, R. The transformation of learning: advances in cultural-historical activity theory. Transform Learn. Adv. Cult. Act. Theory 2008, 1–401. (2008).
Gullberg, M. Gesture as a communication strategy in second language discourse: a study of learners of French and Swedish. Trav l’Institut Linguist Lund 35, 253 (1998).
Google Scholar
Svetleff, Z. & Anwar, S. Facial expression of emotion assessment from video in adult second language learners. Www Ijmer Com. | 7, 458 (2017).
Kellerman, S. I see what you mean’: the role of kinesic behaviour in listening and implications for foreign and second language learning. Appl. Linguist. 13, 239–258 (1992).
Google Scholar
Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. Measuring emotion: behavior, feeling, and physiology. In Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion (eds Lane, R. D. & Nadel, L.) 242–276 (Oxford University Press, 2000).
Google Scholar
Ekman, P. An argument for basic emotions. Cogn. Emot. 6, 169–200 (1992).
Google Scholar
Briesemeister, B. B., Kuchinke, L. & Jacobs, A. M. Discrete emotion effects on lexical decision response times. PLoS One 6, e23743 (2011).
Google Scholar
Silva, C., Montant, M., Ponz, A. & Ziegler, J. C. Emotions in reading: disgust, empathy and the contextual learning hypothesis. Cognition 125, 333–338 (2012).
Ferré, P., Haro, J. & Hinojosa, J. A. Be aware of the rifle but do not forget the stench: differential effects of fear and disgust on lexical processing and memory. Cogn. Emotion 32, 796–811. (2017).
Briesemeister, B. B., Kuchinke, L. & Jacobs, A. M. Emotion word recognition: discrete information effects first, continuous later? Brain Res. 1564, 62–71 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ellsworth, P. C. Appraisal theory: old and new questions. Emot. Rev. 5, 125–131 (2013).
Google Scholar
Lindquist, K. A. & Gendron, M. What’s in a word? Language constructs emotion perception. Emot. Rev. 5, 66–71 (2013).
Google Scholar
Barrett, L. F., Lindquist, K. A. & Gendron, M. Language as context for the perception of emotion. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 327–332 (2007).
Google Scholar
Lindquist, K. A. The role of language in emotion: existing evidence and future directions. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 17, 135–139 (2017).
Google Scholar
Curtis, V., Aunger, R. & Rabie, T. Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 271, 1456 (2004).
Lench, H. C., Flores, S. A. & Bench, S. W. Discrete emotions predict changes in cognition, judgment, experience, behavior, and physiology: a meta-analysis of experimental emotion elicitations. Psychol. Bull. 137, 834–855 (2011).
Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. & Levenson, R. W. Hiding feelings: the acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 106, 95–103 (1997).
Google Scholar
Krumhansl, C. L. An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology. Can. J. Exp. Psychol. 51, 336–352 (1997).
Google Scholar
Ritz, T., Thöns, M., Fahrenkrug, S. & Dahme, B. Airways, respiration, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during picture viewing. Psychophysiology 42, 568–578 (2005).
Google Scholar
Stark, R., Walter, B., Schienle, A. & Vaitl, D. Psychophysiological correlates of disgust and disgust sensitivity. J. Psychophysiol. 19, 50–60 (2005).
Google Scholar
Ekman, P. & Oster, H. Facial expressions of emotion. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 30, 527–554 (1979).
Google Scholar
Rozin, P., Lowery, L. & Ebert, R. Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 66, 870–881 (1994).
Google Scholar
Schweiger Gallo, I. et al. Mapping the everyday concept of disgust in five cultures. Curr. Psychol. 43, 18003–18024 (2024).
Google Scholar
Han, D., Kollareth, D. & Russell, J. A. The words for disgust in English, Korean, and Malayalam question its homogeneity. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 35, 569–588 (2016).
Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D. & Reheiser, E. C. The nature and measurement of anger. In International Handbook of Anger. 403–412 (Springer, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2_23.
Izard, C. E. & Buechler, S. Aspects of consciousness and personality in terms of differential emotions theory. In Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience, vol. I (eds. Plutchik, R. & Kellerman, H.) 165–188 (Academic, 1980).
Joordens, S., Ozubko, J. D. & Niewiadomski, M. W. Featuring old/new recognition: the two faces of the pseudoword effect. J. Mem. Lang. 58, 380–392 (2008).
Google Scholar
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Bucher, A. & Lang, A. G. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methodods 39, 175–191 (2009).
Google Scholar
Jin, Y. & Hamp-Lyons, L. A new test for China? Stages in the development of an assessment for professional purposes. Assess. Educ. Princ Policy Pract. 22, 397–426 (2015).
Google Scholar
Keuleers, E., Brysbaert, M. & Wuggy A multilingual pseudoword generator. Behav. Res. Methods. 42, 627–633 (2010).
Google Scholar
Gu, B., Liu, B., Wang, H., de Vega, M. & Beltrán, D. ERP signatures of pseudowords’ acquired emotional connotations of disgust and sadness. Lang. Cogn. Neurosci. (2022).
Google Scholar
Gu, B., Liu, B., Beltrán, D. & de Vega, M. ERP evidence for emotion-specific congruency effects between sentences and new words with disgust and sadness connotations. Front. Psychol. 14, 45623 (2023).
Yang, T. et al. Tsinghua facial expression database—a database of facial expressions in Chinese young and older women and men: development and validation. PLoS One 15, 7456 (2020).
Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A. & Öhman, A. The Karolinska directed emotional faces—KDEF. In CD ROM Dep Clin. Neurosci. Psychol. Sect. Karolinska Institutet (1998).
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. M. & Walker, S. C. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 7423 (2015).
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B. & Christensen, R. H. B. lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. J. Stat. Softw. 82, 1–26 (2017).
Google Scholar
Fernández-Dols, J. M. & Crivelli, C. Emotion and expression: naturalistic studies. Emot. Rev. 5, 24–29 (2013).
Google Scholar
Reisenzein, R., Studtmann, M. & Horstmann, G. Coherence between emotion and facial expression: evidence from laboratory experiments. Emot. Rev. 5, 16–23 (2013).
Google Scholar
Leppänen, J. M. & Hietanen, J. K. Positive facial expressions are recognized faster than negative facial expressions, but why? Psychol. Res. 69, 22–29 (2004).
Google Scholar
Barger, B., Nabi, R. & Hong, L. Y. Standard back-translation procedures may not capture proper emotion concepts: a case study of Chinese disgust terms. Emotion 10, 703–711 (2010).
Google Scholar
Pavlenko, A. Affective processing in bilingual speakers: disembodied cognition? Int. J. Psychol. 47, 405–428 (2012).
Google Scholar
Caldwell-Harris, C. L. Emotionality differences between a native and foreign language: theoretical implications. Front. Psychol. 5, 4723 (2014).
Caldwell-Harris, C. L. Emotionality differences between a native and foreign language: implications for everyday life. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 24, 214–219 (2015).
Google Scholar
Thoma, D. Emotion regulation by attentional deployment moderates bilinguals’ language-dependent emotion differences. Cogn. Emot. 35, 1121–1135 (2021).
Google Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., Beaupré, M., Lévesque, M. & Hess, U. Toward a dialect theory: cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions. Emotion 7, 131–146 (2007).
Google Scholar
Krumhuber, E. G. & Manstead, A. S. R. When memory is better for out-group faces: on negative emotions and gender roles. J. Nonverbal Behav. 35, 51–61 (2011).
Google Scholar
Chen, C. et al. Cultural facial expressions dynamically convey emotion category and intensity information. Curr. Biol. 34, 213–223e5 (2024).
Google Scholar
Dewey, D. P. A comparison of reading development by learners of Japanese in intensive domestic immersion and study abroad contexts. Stud. Second Lang. Acquis. 26, 458 (2004).
Google Scholar
Segalowitz, N. et al. A comparison of Spanish second language acquisition in two different learning contexts: study abroad and the domestic classroom. Front. Interdiscip. J. Study Abroad 10, 1–18 (2004).
Google Scholar
Serrano, R., Llanes, A. & Tragant, E. Analyzing the effect of context of second language learning: domestic intensive and semi-intensive courses vs. study abroad in Europe. System 39, 133–143 (2011).
Google Scholar
link
